Tree of the Month: Hawthorn

The month of May and the hawthorn are inseparably linked by name. This large shrub or small tree is also a familiar sight in the landscape as a hedgerow. Traditionally, these hedges were even woven together. The most famous Dutch example can be found near our nursery: the UNESCO biosphere reserve De Maasheggen, already described by Julius Caesar. Although not evergreen, hawthorn provides shelter early in the year thanks to its early budding. It is a true pioneer species, tolerant of full sun, and a champion for biodiversity.

Shelter for Birds

The common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) belongs to the rose family (Rosaceae). The plant is known for its heavy armament, with thorns up to three centimeters long. It typically grows into a large shrub or small multi-stemmed tree, reaching 6–8 meters in height. Its crown is oval to rounded, always dense and irregular. Thanks to its combination of sharp thorns and dense branching, it forms the perfect refuge for birds. As the tree ages, its trunks develop longitudinal cracks, and the peeling bark often shows an orange tint.

White Flowers, Red Berries

In spring, hawthorn produces clusters of fragrant white blossoms that attract bees and other pollinators. Later, these give way to small, bright-red berries. Though edible, the berries have a tart, slightly sweet taste. Leaves are alternately arranged, lobed, and deeply incised. The bright green foliage appears alongside the blossoms and matures to glossy dark green in summer. In winter, identification is easy: the short shoots bear numerous rings, and berries often remain well into the season.

Useful in Many Ways

In April, young hawthorn leaves have a pleasant, nutty taste—delicious when paired with beetroot. Culinary use of the berries is limited, mainly to wine or jelly. This is reflected in the old saying: “His wisdom is not worth a hawthorn berry.” For birds, however, the fruits are highly attractive. In herbal medicine, young shoots, flowers, and fruits of hawthorn are used to treat ailments such as high blood pressure, digestive issues, and heart conditions. Hawthorn wood, valued for its strength and durability, was traditionally used for tools and furniture.

A True Climate Tree

Crataegus monogyna is common in hedgerows, woodlands, and thickets across Europe and as far east as Russia. It is an adaptable species, capable of growing in many soil types, tolerant of drought and heat, and resistant to air pollution—making it especially valuable as a climate-resilient tree in urban areas. Still, hawthorn is primarily a natural shrub with strong landscape use, and cultivating it into a tree form requires specialized expertise.